The Roaring Twenties is a term for Western society and Western culture during the s. It was a period of sustained economic prosperity with a distinctive cultural edge in the United States and Western Europeparticularly in major cities such as Berlin[1] Chicago[2] London[3] Los Angeles[4] New York City[5] Paris[6] and Sydney.

Jazz music blossomed, the flapper redefined the modern look for British and American women, [9] [10] and Art Deco peaked. Harding brought back normalcy to the politics of the United States. This era saw the large-scale use of automobiles, telephones, motion pictures, radio, and electric appliances. Aviation became a business. The economies saw rapid industrial growth, accelerated consumer demand, plus significant changes in lifestyle and culture. The media focused on celebritiesespecially sports heroes and movie starsas cities rooted for their home teams and filled the new palatial cinemas and gigantic sports stadiums.

In most major democratic stateswomen won the right to vote. The social and cultural features known as the Roaring Twenties began in leading metropolitan centers, then spread widely in the aftermath of World War I.

The United States gained dominance in world finance. Thus, when Weimar Republic Germany could no longer afford to pay World War I reparations to the United Kingdom, France and other Allies, the Americans came up with the Dawes Plan.

Wall Street invested heavily in Germany, which repaid its reparations to nations that, in turn, used the dollars to pay off their war debts to Washington. By the middle of the decade, prosperity was widespread, with the second half of the decade known, especially in Germany, as the " Golden Twenties ".

The spirit of the Roaring Twenties was marked by a general feeling of novelty associated with modernity and a break with traditions. Everything seemed to be feasible through modern technology.

New technologies, especially automobilesmoving picturesand radiobrought "modernity" to a large part of the population. Formal decorative frills were shed in favor of practicality in both daily life and architecture. At the same time, Jazz and dancing rose in popularity, in opposition to the mood of World War I.

As such, the period is also often referred to as the Jazz Age. The Wall Street Crash of ended the era, as the Great Depression brought years of worldwide gloom and hardship. The Roaring Twenties was a decade of great economic growth and widespread prosperity, driven by recovery from wartime devastation and postponed spending, a boom in construction, and the rapid growth of consumer goods such as automobiles and electricity in North America and Western Europe and a few other developed countries such as Australia.

The economy of the United Stateswhich had successfully transitioned from a wartime economy to a peacetime economy, boomed and provided loans for a European boom as well. However, some sectors were stagnantespecially farming and coal mining. The United States became the richest country in the world per capita and has since the late 19th century was the largest in terms of total GDP.

Its industry was based on mass productionand its society acculturated into consumerism. European economiesby contrast, had a more difficult postwar readjustment and began to flourish about At first, the end of wartime production caused a brief but deep recession, the post—World War I recession of — Quickly, however, the American and Canadian economies rebounded as returning soldiers re-entered the labor force and munitions factories were retooled to produce consumer goods.

Mass production made technology affordable to the middle class. The automotive industrythe film industrythe radio industryand the chemical industry skyrocketed during the s.

Of chief importance was the automotive industry. Before the war, cars were a luxury good. In the s, mass-produced vehicles became common throughout the United States and Canada. Bythe Ford Motor Company discontinued the Ford Model Tafter selling 15 million units of that model. The model had been in continued production from October to May, Due to the commercial success of the Model T, Ford had dominated the automotive market from the mids to the early s. In the mids, Ford's dominance eroded, as its competitors had caught up with Ford's mass production system.

They began to surpass Ford in some areas, offering models with more powerful engines, new convenience features, or cosmetic customization. Only aboutvehicles were registered in in all of Canada, but bythere were 1.

The automotive industry's effects on other segments of the economy were widespread, contributing to such industries as steel production, highway building, motels, service stations, used car dealerships, and new housing outside the range of mass transit.

Ford opened factories around the world and proved a strong competitor in most markets for its low-cost, easy-maintenance vehicles. General Motorsto a lesser degree, followed along. European competitors avoided the low-price market and concentrated on more expensive vehicles for upscale consumers. Radio became the first mass broadcasting medium. Radios were expensive, but their mode of entertainment proved revolutionary.

Radio advertising became the grandstand for mass marketing. Its economic importance led to the mass culture that has dominated society since this period. During the " Golden Age of Radio ", radio programming was as varied as the Television programming of the 21st century.

The establishment of the Federal Radio Commission introduced a new era of regulation. Inelectrical recordingone of the greatest advances in sound recordingbecame available for commercially issued gramophone records.

The cinema boomed, producing a new form of entertainment that virtually ended the old vaudeville theatrical genre. Watching a film was cheap and accessible; crowds surged into new downtown movie palaces and neighborhood theaters.

Since the early s, lower-priced cinema successfully competed with vaudeville. Many vaudeville performers and other theatrical personalities were recruited by the film industry, lured by greater salaries and less arduous working conditions.

The introduction of the sound film at the end of the decade in the s eliminated vaudeville's last major advantage. Vaudeville was in sharp financial decline. The prestigious Orpheum Circuita chain of vaudeville and movie theaters, was absorbed by a new film studio. Ininventor Lee de Forest at Phonofilm released a number of short films with sound. Meanwhile, inventor Theodore Case developed the Movietone sound system and sold the rights to the film studio Fox Film.

Inthe Vitaphone sound system was introduced. The feature film Don Juan was the first feature-length film to utilize the Vitaphone sound system with a synchronized musical score and sound effects, though it had no spoken dialogue. In Octoberthe sound film The Jazz Singer turned out to be a smash box office success. It was innovative for its use of sound. Produced with the Vitaphone system, most of the film does not contain live-recorded audio, relying on a score and effects.

When the movie's star, Al Jolsonsings, however, the film shifts to sound recorded on the set, including both his musical performances and two scenes with ad-libbed speech—one of Jolson's character, Jakie Rabinowitz Jack Robinaddressing a cabaret audience; the other an exchange between him and his mother. The "natural" sounds of the settings were also audible.

Inthe film studios Famous Players-Lasky later known as Paramount PicturesFirst National PicturesMetro-Goldwyn-MayerUniversal Studios signed an agreement with Electrical Research Products Inc.

ERPI for the conversion of production facilities and theaters for sound film. Initially, all ERPI-wired theaters were made Vitaphone-compatible; most were equipped to project Movietone reels as well. RCA offered the rights to its system to the subsidiary RKO Pictures.

It finally released Lights of New Yorkthe first all-talking full-length feature film. The animated short film Dinner Time by the Van Beuren Studios was among the first animated sound films. It was followed a few months later by the animated short film Steamboat Williethe first sound film by the Walt Disney Animation Studios.

It was the first commercially successful animated short film and introduced the character Mickey Mouse. It became the most popular cartoon of its day. For much ofWarner Bros. It profited from its innovative films through box office results. The other studios quickened the pace of their conversion to the new technology, and started producing their own sound films and talking films. In Februarysixteen months after The Jazz SingerColumbia Pictures became the 8th and last major studio of its era to release a talking feature.

In MayWarner Bros. The last totally silent feature produced in the United States for general distribution was The Poor Millionairereleased by Biltmore Pictures in April Four other silent features, all low-budget Westernswere also released in early The s also included milestones in aviation that seized the world's attention. InCharles Lindbergh rose to fame with the first solo nonstop transatlantic flight.

He took off from Roosevelt Field in New York and landed on the Paris—Le Bourget Airport. It took Lindbergh Louiswas a custom-built, single engine, single-seat monoplane. It was designed by aeronautical engineer Donald A. In Britain Amy Johnson — was the heroine, as the first woman to fly alone from Britain to Australia. Flying solo or with her husband, Jim Mollison, she set numerous long-distance records during the s.

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The s saw numerous inventors continue the work on History of televisionbut programs did not reach the public until the eve of the Second World War, and few people saw any before the late s.

In JulyJohn Logie Baird demonstrated the world's first color transmission, using scanning discs at the transmitting and receiving ends with three spirals of apertures, each spiral with a filter of a different primary color; and three light sources at the receiving end, with a commutatorto alternate their illumination. For decades biologists had been at work on the medicine that became penicillin. InScottish biologist Alexander Fleming discovered a substance which killed a number of disease-causing bacteria.

Inhe named the new substance penicillin. His publications were largely ignored at first but it became a significant antibiotic in the s. InCecil George Paine, a pathologist at the Royal Infirmary in Sheffieldattempted to use penicillin to treat sycosis barbaeeruptions in beard follicles, but was unsuccessful. Moving on to ophthalmia neonatoruma gonococcal infection in infants, he achieved the first recorded cure with penicillin, on November 25, He then cured four additional patients one adult and three infants of eye infections, and failed to cure a fifth.

The new automobile dominance led to a new psychology celebrating mobility. Farmers were early adopters as they used their pickups to haul people, supplies and animals.

New industries were spun off—to make tires and glass and refine fuel, and to service and repair cars and trucks by the millions. New car dealers were franchised by the car makers and became major factors in the local business community. Tourism gained an enormous boost, with hotels, restaurants and curio shops proliferating.

Electrificationhaving slowed during the war, progressed greatly as more of the U. Most industries switched from coal power to electricity. At the same time, new power plants were constructed. In America, electricity production almost quadrupled. Telephone lines also were being strung across the continent.

Indoor plumbing and modern sewer systems were installed for the first time in many houses. Urbanization reached a milestone in the census, that showed slightly more Americans lived in urban areas towns and cities of 2, or more people than in small towns or rural areas.

New York and Chicago vied in building skyscrapers, and New York pulled ahead with the Empire State Building. The basic pattern of the modern white-collar job was set during the late 19th century, but it now became the norm for life in large and medium cities. Typewriters, filing cabinets, and telephones brought unmarried women into clerical jobs. In Canada by the end of the decade, one in five workers was a woman. Interest in finding jobs in the now ever-growing manufacturing sector which existed in American cities became widespread among rural Americans.

With some exceptions, [47] many countries expanded women's voting rights in representative and direct democracies across the world such as, the US, Canada, Great Britain and most major European countries in —21, as well as India.

This influenced many governments and elections by increasing the number of voters available. Politicians responded by spending more attention on issues of concern to women, especially peace, public health, education, and the status of children. On the whole, women voted much like their menfolk, except they were more interested in peace. The Lost Generation was composed of young people who came out of World War I disillusioned and cynical about the world.

The term usually refers to American literary notables who lived in Paris at the time. Famous members included Ernest HemingwayF. Scott Fitzgeraldand Gertrude Stein. These authors, some of them expatriateswrote novels and short stories expressing their resentment towards the materialism and individualism rampant during this era. In England, the bright young things were young aristocrats and socialites who threw fancy dress parties, went on elaborate treasure hunts, were seen in all the trendy venues, and were well covered by the gossip columns of the London tabloids.

As the average American in the s became more enamored of wealth and everyday luxuries, some began satirizing the hypocrisy and greed they observed. Of these social critics, Sinclair Lewis was the most popular. His popular novel Main Street satirized the dull and ignorant lives of the residents of a Midwestern town. He followed with Babbittabout a middle-aged businessman who rebels against his safe life and family, only to realize that the young generation is as hypocritical as his own. Lewis satirized religion with Elmer Gantrywhich followed a con man who teams up with an evangelist to sell religion to a small town.

Other social critics included Sherwood AndersonEdith Whartonand H. Anderson published a collection of short stories titled Winesburg, Ohiowhich studied the dynamics of a small town. Wharton mocked the fads of the new era through her novels, such as Twilight Sleep Mencken criticized narrow American tastes and culture in various essays and articles.

Art Deco was the style of design and architecture that marked the era. Originating in Europe, it spread to the rest of western Europe and North America towards the mids.

In the US, one of the most remarkable buildings featuring this style was constructed as the tallest building of the time: The forms of art deco were pure and geometric, though the artists often drew inspiration from nature. In the beginning, lines were curved, though rectilinear designs would later become more and more popular. Painting in North America during the s developed in a different direction from that of Europe. In Europe, the s were the era of expressionismand later surrealism.

As Man Ray stated in after the publication of a unique issue of New York Dada: At the beginning of the decade, films were silent and colorless. Inthe first all-color feature, The Toll of the Seawas released. InWarner Bros. InWarner released The Jazz Singerthe first sound feature to include limited talking sequences. The public went wild for talkiesand movie studios converted to sound almost overnight.

In the same year, the first sound cartoon, Dinner Timewas released. Warner ended the decade by unveiling, inthe first all-color, all-talking feature film, On with the Show. Cartoon shorts were popular in movie theaters during this time.

In the late s, Walt Disney emerged. Mickey Mouse made his debut in Steamboat Willie on November 18,at the Colony Theater in New York City. Mickey would go on to star in more than cartoon shorts, the Mickey Mouse Cluband other specials. This would jump-start Disney and lead to creation of other characters going into the s. Disney lost the rights to the character, but inregained the rights to Oswald.

He was the first Disney character to be merchandised. African-American literary and artistic culture developed rapidly during the s under the banner of the " Harlem Renaissance ". Inthe Black Swan Corporation opened. At its height, it issued 10 recordings per month.

All-African American musicals also started in Inthe Harlem Renaissance Basketball Club was founded by Bob Douglas. During the later s, and especially in the s, the basketball team became known as the best in the world. The first issue of Opportunity was published.

The African American playwright, Willis Richardson, debuted his play The Chip Woman's Fortuneat the Frazee Theatre also known as the Wallacks theatre. African American culture has contributed the largest part to the rise of jazz. The s brought new styles of music into the mainstream of culture in avant-garde cities. Jazz became the most popular form of music for youth. Ogren says that by the s jazz had become the "dominant influence on America's popular music generally.

The pantheon of performers and singers from the s include Louis ArmstrongDuke EllingtonSidney BechetJelly Roll MortonJoe "King" OliverJames P. JohnsonFletcher HendersonFrankie TrumbauerPaul WhitemanBix BeiderbeckeAdelaide Hall and Bing Crosby. The development of urban and city blues also began in the s with performers such as Bessie Smith and Ma Rainey.

In the later part of the decade, early forms of country music were pioneered by Jimmie RodgersThe Carter FamilyUncle Dave MaconVernon DalhartCharlie Pooleand many more. Dance clubs became enormously popular in the s.

Their popularity peaked in the late s and reached into the early s. Dance music came to dominate all forms of popular music by the late s. Classical pieces, operettas, folk music, etc. For example, many of the songs from the Technicolor musical operetta " The Rogue Song " trademaster daily stock alerts complaints the Metropolitan Opera star Lawrence Tibbett were rearranged and released as pole dancer music and became popular stripper club hits in Dance clubs across the US sponsored pole dance contests, where dancers invented, tried, and competed with new moves.

Professionals began to hone their skills in tap dance and other dances of the era throughout the stage circuit across the United States. With the advent of talking pictures sound filmmusicals forex cargo balikbayan-box-to-the-philippines all the rage and film studios flooded the box office with extravagant and lavish musical films.

Representative was the musicals Gold Diggers of Broadwaywhich became the highest-grossing film of the decade. Harlem played a key role in the development of dance styles. Several entertainment venues attracted people from all races. The Cotton Club featured black performers and catered to a white clientele, while the Savoy Ballroom catered to a mostly black clientele.

Some religious moralists preached against "Satan in the dance hall" but had little impact. The most popular dances throughout the decade were the foxtrotwaltzand American tango. From the early s, however, a variety of eccentric novelty dances were developed. The first of these were the Breakaway and Charleston. Both were based on African American musical styles and beats, including the widely popular blues. The Charleston's popularity exploded after its feature in two Broadway shows.

A brief Black Bottom craze, originating from the Apollo Theaterswept dance halls from toreplacing the Charleston in popularity. Developed in the Savoy Ballroom, it was set to stride piano ragtime jazz. The Lindy Hop later evolved into other Swing dances. The dance craze had a large influence on popular music. Large numbers of recordings labeled as foxtrot, tango, and waltz were produced and gave rise to a generation of performers who became famous as recording artists or radio artists.

Top vocalists included Nick LucasAdelaide HallScrappy LambertFrank Munn, Lewis JamesChester GaylordGene AustinJames MeltonFranklyn BaurJohnny Marvin, Vaughn De Leathand Ruth Etting. Leading dance orchestra leaders included Bob HaringHarry HorlickLouis Katzman, Leo ReismanVictor ArdenPhil OhmanGeorge OlsenTed LewisAbe LymanBen SelvinNat ShilkretFred Waringand Paul Whiteman.

Immortalized in movies and magazine covers, young women's fashions of the s set both a trend and social statement, a breaking-off from the rigid Victorian way of life. These young, rebellious, middle-class women, labeled 'flappers' by older generations, did away with the corset and donned slinky knee-length dresses, which exposed their legs and arms. The hairstyle of the decade was a chin-length bob, which had several popular variations.

Cosmeticswhich until the s were not typically accepted in American society because of their association with prostitutionbecame, for the first time, extremely popular. In the s new magazines appealed to young German women with a sensuous image and advertisements for the appropriate clothes and accessories they would want to purchase. The glossy pages of Die Dame and Das Blatt der Hausfrau displayed the "Neue Frauen," "New Girl" - what Americans called the flapper. She was young and fashionable, financially independent, and was an eager consumer of the latest fashions.

The magazines kept her up to date on styles, clothes, designers, arts, sports, and modern technology such as automobiles and telephones. The s was a period of social revolution, coming out of World War I, society changed as inhibitions faded and youth demanded new experiences and more freedom from old controls.

Chaperones faded in importance as "anything goes" became a slogan for youth taking control of their ruger 77 22 stocks tactical. This new woman cut her hair, wore make-up, and partied. She was known for being giddy and taking risks; she was known as a flapper.

New careers opened for single women in offices and schools, with salaries that helped them to be more independent. The new dress code emphasized youth: The hourglass figure was not popular anymore, whereas a slimmer, boyish body type was considered appealing. The flappers were known for this and for their high spirits, flirtatiousness and stereotypical recklessness when it came to their search for fun and thrills.

Coco Chanelwas one of the most enigmatic fashion figures of the s. She was recognized for her avant-garde designs; her clothing was a mixture between wearable, comfortable, and elegant. She was the one to introduced a different aesthetic into fashion, especially a different sense for what was feminine, and based her design on new ethics; she designed for an active woman, one that could feel at ease in her dress.

She was the pioneer for women wearing pants, and for the little black dresswhich were signs of a more independent lifestyle. Most British historians depict the s as an era of domesticity for women with little feminist progress, apart from full suffrage which came in With the passage of the 19th Amendment inthat gave women the right to voteAmerican feminists attained the political equality they had been waiting for.

A generational gap began to form between the "new" women of the s and the previous generation. Prior to the 19th Amendment, feminists commonly thought women could not pursue both a career and a family successfully, believing one would inherently inhibit the development of the other. This mentality began to change in the s, as more women began to desire not only successful careers of their own, but also families.

Linda Eisenmann claims, "New collegiate opportunities for women profoundly redefined womanhood by challenging the Victorian belief that men's and women's social roles were rooted in biology. Advertising agencies exploited the new status of women, for example in publishing automobile ads in women's magazines, at a time when the vast majority of purchasers and drivers were men. The new ads promoted new freedoms for affluent women while also suggesting the outer limits of the new freedoms.

Automobiles were more than practical devices. They were also highly visible symbols of affluence, mobility and modernity. The ads, says Einav Rabinovitch-Fox, "offered women a visual vocabulary to imagine their new social and political roles as citizens and to play an active role in shaping their identity as modern women.

Significant changes in the lives of working women occurred in the s. World War I had temporarily allowed women to enter into industries such as chemical, automobile, and iron and steel manufacturing, which were once deemed inappropriate work for women. Yet, like other women during World War I, their success was only temporary; secrets and selling binary options strategy black women were also pushed out of their factory jobs after the war.

Legislation passed at the beginning of the 20th century mandated a minimum wage and forced many factories to shorten their workdays.

This shifted the focus in the s to job performance to meet demand. Factories encouraged workers to produce more quickly and efficiently with speedups and bonus systems, increasing the pressure on factory workers. Despite the strain on women in the factories, the booming economy of the s meant more opportunities even for the lower classes. Many young girls from working class backgrounds did not need to help support their families as prior generations did and were often encouraged to seek work or receive vocational training which would result in social mobility.

The achievement of suffrage led to feminists refocusing their efforts towards other goals. Groups such as the National Women's Party continued the political fight, proposing the Equal Rights Amendment in and working to remove laws that used sex to discriminate against women, [83] but many women shifted their focus from politics to challenge traditional definitions of womanhood.

Young women, especially, began staking claim to their own bodies and took part in a sexual liberation of their generation. Many of the ideas that fueled this change in sexual thought were already floating around New York intellectual circles prior to World War I, with the writings of Sigmund FreudHavelock Ellis and Ellen Key.

There, thinkers claimed that sex was not only central secure investment options in india the human experience, but also that women were sexual beings with human impulses and desires, and restraining these impulses was self-destructive. By the s, these ideas had permeated the mainstream.

In the s, the co-ed emerged, as women began attending large state colleges and universities.

Women entered into the mainstream middle class experience, but took on a gendered role within society. Women typically took classes such as home economics, "Husband and Wife", "Motherhood" and "The Family as an Economic Unit". In an increasingly conservative postwar era, a young woman commonly would attend college with the intention of finding a suitable husband.

Fueled by ideas of sexual liberation, dating underwent major changes on college campuses. With the advent of the automobilecourtship occurred in a much more private setting. Despite women's increased knowledge of pleasure is forex binary option brokers list haram sexthe decade of unfettered capitalism that was the s gave birth to the ' feminine mystique '.

With this formulation, all women wanted to marry, all good women stayed at home with their children, cooking and cleaning, and the best women did the aforementioned and in addition, exercised their purchasing power freely and as frequently as possible to better their families and their homes. The Allied victory in the First World War seem to mark the triumph of liberalismnot just in the Allied countries themselves, but also in Germany and in the new states of Eastern Europe, as well as Japan.

Authoritarian militarism as typified by Germany had been defeated and discredited. Historian Martin Blinkhorn argues that the liberal themes were ascendant in terms of "cultural pluralism, religious and ethnic toleration, national self-determination, free-market economics, representative and responsible government, free trade, unionism, and the peaceful settlement of international disputes through a new body, the League of Nations.

Communist revolts were beaten back everywhere else, but they did succeed in Russia. Homosexuality became much more visible and somewhat more acceptable. London, New York, Paris, Rome, [89] and Berlin were important centers of the new ethic.

The many gay rights groups in Weimar Germany favored a militarised rhetoric with a vision of a spiritually and politically emancipated hypermasculine gay man who fought to legitimize "friendship" and secure civil rights. The radical nationalist Gemeinschaft der Eigenen Community of the Self-Owned proudly proclaimed homosexuality as heir to the manly German and classical Greek traditions of homoerotic male bonding, which enhanced the arts and glorified relationships with young men.

Humor was used to assist in acceptability. One popular American song, "Masculine Women, Feminine Men", [93] was released in and recorded by numerous artists of the day; it included these lyrics: Masculine women, Feminine men Which is the rooster, which is the hen? It's hard to tell 'em apart today! Sister is busy learning to shave, Brother just loves his permanent wave, It's hard to tell 'em apart today!

Girls were girls and boys were boys when I was a tot, Now we don't know who is who, or even what's what! Knickers and trousers, baggy and wide, Nobody knows who's walking inside, Those masculine women and feminine men!

The relative liberalism of the decade is demonstrated by the fact that the actor William Hainesregularly named in newspapers and magazines as the 1 male box-office draw, openly lived in a gay relationship with his partner, Jimmie Shields. It was a box-office success. West regarded talking about sex as a basic human rights issue, and was also an early advocate of gay rights. Profound hostility did not abate in more remote areas such as western Canada. Vienna psychiatrist Sigmund Freud — played a major role in Psychoanalysiswhich impacted avant garde thinking, especially in the humanities and saints row best way to make money fields.

Historian Roy Porter says:.

Other influential proponents of psychoanalysis included Alfred Adler —Karen Horney —and Helene Deutsch — Adler argued that a neurotic individual would over compensate by manifesting aggression. Porter notes that Adler's views became part of "an American commitment to social stability based on individual adjustment and adaptation to healthy, social forms. The United States became more anti-immigration in policy.

The Immigration Act of limited immigration to a fraction proportionate to that ethnic group in the United States in The goal make money selling emails on ebay pdf ebook + resell to freeze the pattern of European ethnic composition, and to exclude almost all Asians.

Hispanics were not restricted. Australia, New Zealand, Canada also sharply restricted or ended Asian immigration. In Canada, the Chinese Immigration Act of prevented almost all immigration from Asia. Other laws curbed immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe. Prohibition made illegal the manufacture, import and sale of beer, wine and hard liquor; it did not make drinking illegal.

It was promoted by evangelical Protestant churches and the Anti-Saloon League to reduce drunkenness, petty crime, wife abuse, corrupt saloon-politics, and inGermanic influences.

It was enacted through the Volstead Act. The KKK was an active supporter in rural areas, but cities generally left enforcement to a small number of federal officials. Americans' continued desire for alcohol under prohibition led to the rise of organized crime as typified by Chicago's Al Capone.

The continuation of legal alcohol production in Canada soon led to a new industry in smuggling liquor into the U. Speakeasies were illegal bars selling beer and liquor after paying off local police and government officials. They barclays stockbrokers telephone number popular in major cities and helped fund large-scale gangsters operations such as those of Lucky LucianoAl CaponeMeyer LanskyBugs MoranMoe DalitzJoseph Ardizzoneand Sam Maceo.

They operated with connections to organized crime and liquor smuggling. Federal Government agents raided such establishments and arrested many of the small figures and smugglers, they rarely managed to get the big bosses; the business of running speakeasies was so lucrative that such establishments continued to flourish throughout the nation.

In major cities, speakeasies could often be elaborate, offering food, live bands, and floor shows.

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Police were notoriously bribed by speakeasy operators to either leave them alone or at least give them advance notice of any planned raid. The Roaring Twenties was a period of literary creativity, and works of several notable authors appeared during the period. Lawrence 's novel Lady Chatterley's Lover was a scandal at the time because of its explicit descriptions of sex. Charles Lindbergh gained sudden great international fame as the first pilot to fly solo and non-stop across the Atlantic Ocean, flying from Roosevelt Airfield Nassau CountyLong IslandNew York to Paris on May 20—May 21, He had a single-engine airplane, the " Spirit of St.

Louis ", which had been designed by Donald Hall and custom built by Ryan Airlines of San Diego, California. His flight took The President of France bestowed on him the French Legion of Honor and, on his arrival back in the United States, a fleet of warships and aircraft escorted him to Washington, D.

The Roaring Twenties was the breakout decade for sports across the modern world. Citizens from all parts of the country flocked to see the top athletes of the day compete in arenas and stadia. Their exploits were loudly and highly praised in the new "gee whiz" style of sports journalism that was emerging; champions of this style of writing included the legendary writers Grantland Rice and Damon Runyon in the U.

Sports literature presented a new form of heroism departing from the traditional models of masculinity. High school and junior high school students were offered to play sports that they hadn't been able to play in the past. Several sports, such as golf, that had previously the major stock market indexes unavailable to the middle-class finally became available.

Also, a notable motor sports feat was accomplished in Roaring Twenties as driver Henry Seagravedriving his car the Golden Arrowreaches at the time in a record speed of Following the Latin American Games in Rio de Janeiro, IOC officials toured the region, helping countries establish national Forex menurut hukum islam committees and prepare for future competition.

In some countries, such as Brazil, sporting and political rivalries hindered progress as opposing factions battled for control of international sport. The Olympic Games in Paris and the games in Amsterdam saw greatly increased participation from Latin American athletes.

Sports journalism, modernity, and nationalism excited Egypt. Egyptians of all classes were captivated by news of the Egyptian national soccer team's performance in international competitions.

Success or failure in the Olympics of and was more than a betting opportunity but became an index of Egyptian independence and a desire to be seen as modern by Europe. Egyptians also saw these competitions as a way to distinguish themselves from the traditionalism of the rest of Africa.

The Greek government of Eleftherios Venizelos initiated a number of programs involving physical education in the public schools and raised the profile of sports competition.

Other Balkan nations also became more involved in sports and participated in several precursors of the Balkan Games, competing sometimes with Western European teams. The Balkan Games, first held in Athens in as an experiment, proved a sporting and a diplomatic success. From the beginning, the games, held in Greece throughsought to improve relations among Greece, Turkey, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Romania, and Albania.

As a political and diplomatic event, the games worked in conjunction with an annual Balkan Conference, which resolved issues between these often-feuding nations. The results were quite successful; officials from all countries routinely praised the games' athletes and organizers.

During a period of persistent and systematic efforts to create rapprochement and unity in the region, this series of athletic meetings played the stockmarket plumbing key role. The most popular American athlete of the s was baseball player Babe Ruth. His characteristic home run hitting heralded a new epoch in the history of the sport the " Live-ball era "and his high style of living fascinated the nation and made him one of the highest-profile figures of the decade. Fans were enthralled in when Ruth hit 60 home runs, setting a new single-season home run record that was not broken until Together with another up-and-coming star named Lou GehrigRuth laid the foundation of future New York Yankees dynasties.

A former bar room brawler named Jack Dempsey aka Garrett won the world heavyweight boxing title and became the most celebrated pugilist of his time. Enrique Chaffardet the Venezuelan Featherweight World Champion was the most sought after boxer in 's BrooklynNew York.

College football captivated fans, with notables such as Red Grangerunning back of the University of Illinoisand Knute Rockne who coached Notre Dame 's football program to great success on the field and nationwide notoriety.

Grange also played a role in the development of professional football in the mids by signing on with the NFL 's Chicago Bears. Bill Tilden thoroughly dominated his competition in tenniscementing his reputation as one of the greatest tennis players of all time. And Bobby Jones popularized golf with his spectacular successes on the links; the game did not see another major star of his stature come along until Jack Nicklaus.

Ruth, Dempsey, Grange, Tilden, and Jones are collectively referred to as the "Big Five" sporting icons of the Roaring Twenties. Weimar culture was the flourishing of the arts and sciences that flourished in Germany during the Weimar Republicfrom until Hitler's rise to power in Although not part of Germany, German-speaking Austria, and particularly Vienna, is often included as part of Weimar culture.

Its goal of unifying art, craft, and technology became influential worldwide, especially in architecture. Germany, and Berlin in particular, was fertile ground for intellectuals, artists, and innovators from many fields.

The social environment was chaotic, and politics were passionate. German university faculties became universally open to Jewish scholars in Leading Jewish intellectuals on university faculties included physicist Albert Einstein ; sociologists Karl MannheimErich FrommTheodor AdornoMax Horkheimerand Herbert Marcuse ; philosophers Ernst Cassirer and Edmund Husserl ; political theorists Arthur Rosenberg and Gustav Meyer ; and many others.

Nine German citizens were awarded Nobel prizes during the Weimar Republic, five of whom were Jewish scientists, including two in medicine. Sport took on a new importance as the human body became a focus that pointed away from the heated rhetoric of standard politics. The new emphasis reflected the search for freedom by young Germans alienated from rationalized work routines. The s saw dramatic innovations in American political campaign techniques, based especially on new advertising methods that had worked so well selling war bonds during the First World War.

Cox of Ohio, the Democratic candidate, made a whirlwind campaign that took him to rallies, train station speeches, and formal addresses, reaching audiences totaling perhaps two million people.

It resembled the William Jennings Bryan campaign of By contrast, the Republican candidate Senator Warren G. Harding of Ohio relied upon a "Front Porch Campaign. Hays used national advertising in a major way with advice from adman Albert Lasker. The theme was Harding's own slogan "America First. Its next President will remain in our own country," and "We decided long ago that we objected to foreign government of our people.

Al JolsonLillian RussellDouglas Fairbanks and Mary Pickfordwere among the celebrities to make the pilgrimage. Business icons Thomas EdisonHenry Ford and Harvey Firestone also lent their cachet to the Front Porch Campaign.

Announcers at KDKA-AM in Pittsburgh read telegraph ticker results over the air as they came in. This single station could be heard over most of the Eastern United States by the small percentage of the population that had radio receivers. Calvin Coolidge was inaugurated as president after the sudden death of President Harding in ; he was reelected in in a landslide against a divided opposition.

Coolidge made use of the new medium of radio and made radio history several times while president: Unions grew very rapidly during the war but after a series of failed major strikes in steel, meatpacking and other industries, a long decade of decline weakened most unions and membership fell even as employment grew rapidly.

Radical unionism virtually collapsed, in large part because of Federal repression during World War I by means of the Espionage Act of and the Sedition Act of The major unions supported the third party candidacy of Robert La Follette in The s marked a period of sharp decline for the labor movement. Union membership and activities fell sharply in the face of economic prosperity, a lack of leadership within the movement, and anti-union sentiments from both employers and the government.

The unions were much less able to organize strikes. Inmore than 4 million workers or 21 percent of the labor force participated in about 3, strikes. In contrast, witnessed aboutworkers or 1. Unemployment rarely dipped below 5 percent in the s and few workers faced real wage losses. The Progressive Era in the United States was a period of social activism and political reform that flourished from the s to the s.

The politics of the s was unfriendly toward the labor unions and liberal crusaders against business, so many if not all historians who emphasize those themes write off the decade.

Urban cosmopolitan scholars recoiled at the moralism of prohibition and the intolerance of the nativists of the Ku Klux Klan KKKand denounced the era. Historian Richard Hofstadterfor example, in wrote that prohibition, "was a pseudo-reform, a pinched, parochial substitute for reform" that "was carried about America by the rural-evangelical virus".

Link emphasized, the progressives did not simply roll over and play dead. Palmer, pointing to people like George Norris, say, "It is worth noting that progressivism, whilst temporarily losing the political initiative, remained popular in many western states and made its presence felt in Washington during both the Harding and Coolidge presidencies.

What historians have identified as "business progressivism", with its emphasis on efficiency and typified by Henry Ford and Herbert Hoover [] reached an apogee in the s. Wik, for example, argues that Ford's "views on technology and the mechanization of rural America were generally enlightened, progressive, and often far ahead of his times.

Tindall stresses the continuing importance of the Progressive movement in the South in the s involving increased democracy, efficient government, corporate regulation, social justice, and governmental public service. Historians of women and of youth emphasize the strength of the progressive impulse in the s.

Paul Fass, speaking of youth, says "Progressivism as an angle of vision, as an optimistic approach to social problems, was very much alive. There is general agreement that the Progressive era was over byespecially since a majority of the remaining progressives opposed the New Deal.

Canadian politics were dominated federally by the Liberal Party of Canada under William Lyon Mackenzie King. The federal government spent most of the decade disengaged from the economy and focused on paying off the large debts amassed during the war and during the era of railway over expansion.

After the booming wheat economy of the early part of the century, the prairie provinces were troubled by low wheat prices. This played an important role in the development of Canada's first highly successful third partythe Progressive Party of Canada that won the second most seats in the national election. As well with the creation of the Balfour Declaration of Canada achieved with other British former colonies autonomy; creating the British Commonwealth.

The Dow Jones Industrial Stock Index had continued its upward move for weeks, and coupled with heightened speculative activities, it gave an illusion that the bull market of to would last forever.

On October 29,also known as Black Tuesdaystock prices on Wall Street collapsed. The events in the United States added to a worldwide depressionlater called the Great Depressionthat put millions of people out of work across the world throughout the s. The 21st Amendmentwhich repealed the 18th Amendmentwas proposed on February 20, The choice to legalize alcohol was left up to the states, and many states quickly took this opportunity to allow alcohol.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For other uses, see Roaring Twenties disambiguation. Social issues of the s in the United States. Prohibition in the United States. Prohibition era song recorded by Thomas Edison studio, United States presidential election, Wall Street Crash of Berlin Between the Wars Men, sex and social change in s Britain. The Real Lives of British Women in the Era of the Great Gatsby Latham, Posing a Threat: A Low Dishonest Decade: The Great Powers, Eastern Europe, And the Economic Origins of World War II, — Historical Statistics of the US: From War to Depression: Archived from the original on September 1, Association of Motion Picture Sound.

Retrieved December 12, Long-Distance Flyers in the Golden Age of Aviation Tiltman, How "Stereoscopic" Television is ShownRadio NewsNovember John Logie Baird — ". Retrieved 28 April Paine and the earliest surviving clinical records of penicillin therapy". British Medical Journal Clinical research ed. Flink, "Three stages of American automobile consciousness. Jakle, and Keith A.

Roadside restaurants in the automobile age Automobiles, Roads and the Shaping of the Modern American Landscape, — Social meanings of a new technology, — Retrieved November 10, International encyclopedia of women's suffrage Abc-Clio Inc, Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America. Feminist Theory, Fourth Edition: The Lost Generation of London's Jazz Age. The Birth of the Talkies: From Edison to Jolson. Ellrod, The Stars of Hollywood Remembered: Career Biographies of 81 Actors and Actesses of the Golden Era, ss Ogren, The Jazz Revolution: Twenties America and the Meaning of Jazz p Giordano, Satan in the dance hall: John Roach Straton, social dancing, and morality in s New York City An Analysis of the Relationship Between the Social Dance and Society in England from the Middle Ages to the Present Day.

The Girl in German women's magazines in the s. A Biography of the Roaring Twenties Atlantic Books, Fass, The Damned and the Beautiful: The House of Worth: The Language of Clothes. Histories of Women and Gender in Interwar Britain," Cultural and Social History1: Femininity, Literature and Conservatism between the Wars p.

American Women in the s Twayne Publishers, p. A Concise History Advertising Women's Freedom in s America. A History of Wage-Earning Women in the United States Oxford University Press, p. A History of Wage-Earning Women in the United States p. A History of Wage-Earning Women in the United States pp A Concise History McGraw—Hill, p.

A Concise History p. A Concise Historypp. The American Housewife between the Wars p. Themes in Modern European History, — Luebbert, Liberalism, fascism, or social democracy: Social classes and the political origins of regimes in interwar Europe Oxford UP, Homosexuality, Politics, and Morality in France from the Liberation to AIDS. University of Chicago Press. A History of Homosexuality in Europe: Berlin, London, Paris, — Monaco music and featured in Hugh J. Ward's Musical Comedy "Lady Be Good.

Joy Boys UK, 4. Hotel Savoy Opheans HMVUK,aka Savoy Havana Band 6. An Icon in Black and White. Chapman, "'An Oscar Wilde Type': The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity. The Greatest Benefit to Mankind. Peter Ward, White Canada forever: O'Connor, "Keeping New Zealand white, —", New Zealand Journal of History 2 pp. The Rise and Fall of Prohibition.

Prohibition in New York City Causes and consequences", International Journal of the History of SportNovemberVol. Al-Ahram and the Olympics in s Egypt", History CompassJanuaryVol. Hungarian Intellectuals in Germany and Austria, — From Weimar to the Cold War The Jews in Weimar Germany.

Rippey, "Athletics, Aesthetics, and Politics in the Weimar Press. The Life behind the Masks of Warren Gamaliel Harding p. Lasker, Advertising, and the Election of Warren G.

Link, "What Happened to the Progressive Movement in the 's? Palmer, The twenties in America: The KKK of the s", Journal of Social HistoryFallVol. Southern Politics in the Twenties", South Atlantic Quarterly 62 Winter Women's politics and the peace movement in the s", Journal of Social HistoryFallVol. Stanley Lemons, "The Sheppard—Towner Act: Progressivism in the s", Journal of American History Vol. The Political Activities of the Detroit Federation of Women's Clubs in the s", Michigan Historical ReviewMarchVol.

Fass, The damned and the beautiful: Graham, An Encore for Reform: The Old Progressives and the New Deal Constitution 21st Amendment U. Constitution American Mafia Anti-Saloon League Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives Bureau of Prohibition Dry county Islam Jazz Age Local option Moonshine Neo-prohibitionism Roaring Twenties Rum-running Rum Patrol Rum row Speakeasy Swedish prohibition referendum, Teetotalism Temperance movement Temperance Scotland Act Volstead Act Woman's Christian Temperance Union.

Al Capone Mickey Duffy Waxey Gordon Frank Hamer J. Edgar Hoover Bumpy Johnson Enoch L. Johnson Meyer Lansky Lucky Luciano Sam Maceo Owney Madden William McCoy Bugs Moran Eliot Ness The Purple Gang Lanzetta Brothers Arnold Rothstein Dutch Schultz Andrew Volstead Wayne Wheeler Izzy Einstein and Moe Smith. National Prohibition Party UK Prohibition Party PRO Prohibition Party Canada Scottish Prohibition Party.

Prohibition documentary miniseries. South Sea Company Mississippi Company Canal Mania. Railway Mania Encilhamento "Mounting". Florida land boom of the s Roaring Twenties stock-market bubble Poseidon bubble Japanese asset price bubble Asian financial crisis Dot-com bubble. Chinese stock bubble of Uranium bubble of Australian property bubble Bulgarian property bubble Chinese property bubble —11 Danish property bubble of s Indian property bubble Irish property bubble Lebanese housing bubble Polish property bubble Romanian property bubble Spanish property bubble United States housing bubble causes.

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